Phil .Literature Essay Example for Free

Phil .Literature Essay Philippine scholarly creation during the American Period in the Philippines was prodded by two critical improvements in training and culture. One is the presentation of free open guidance for all offspring of young and two, the utilization of English as mode of guidance in all degrees of training in government funded schools. Free state funded training made information and data available to a more prominent number of Filipinos. The individuals who profited of this training through school had the option to improve their societal position and joined a decent number of taught masses who turned out to be a piece of the country’s white collar class. The utilization of English as mode of guidance acquainted Filipinos with Anglo-American methods of thought, culture and life ways that would be installed in the writing delivered as well as in the mind of the country’s instructed class. It was this informed class that would be the wellspring of a lively Philippine Literature in English. Philippine writing in English, as an immediate aftereffect of American colonization of the nation, couldn't evade being imitative of American models of composing particularly during its time of apprenticeship. The verse composed by early writers showed examined endeavors at versification as in the accompanying sonnet which is evidence of the poet’s rather basic exercise in the English language: Vacation days finally are here, And we have a great time so dear, All young men and young ladies do readily cheer, This invited period of the year. Toward the beginning of June in school we’ll meet; A harder undertaking will we complete And in the event that we bomb we should rehash That similar errand without retreat. We basically rest to come back again To class where young men and young ladies acquire The Creator’s blessing to men Whose cheerful expectations in us remain. Get-away methods a period for play For youthful and old in night and day My desire for everything is to be gay, And malice none lead you adrift Juan F. Salazar Philippines Free Press, May 9, 1909| The sonnet was anthologized in the primary assortment of verse in English, Filipino Poetry, altered by Rodolfo Dato (1909 †1924). Among the artists included in this collection were Proceso Sebastian Maximo Kalaw, Fernando Maramag, Leopoldo Uichanco, Jose Ledesma, Vicente Callao, Santiago Sevilla, Bernardo Garcia, Francisco Africa, Pablo Anzures, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Tonogbanua, Juan Pastrana, Maria Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Luis Dato and numerous others. Another collection, The English German Anthology of Poetsedited by Pablo Laslo was distributed and secured writers distributed from 1924-1934 among whom were Teofilo D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero, Horacio de la Costa, Amador T. Daguio, Salvador P. Lopez, Angela Manalang Gloria, Trinidad Tarrosa, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, among others. A third pre-war assortment of verse was altered via Carlos Bulosan, Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets. The six artists in this assortment were Jose Garcia Villa, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Rodrigo T. Feria, C. B. Meticulousness, Cecilio Baroga and Carlos Bulosan. In fiction, the time of apprenticeship in artistic writing in English is set apart by impersonation of the style of narrating and exacting adherence to the specialty of the short story as rehearsed by well known American fictionists. Early short story scholars in English were regularly named as the Andersons or Saroyans or the Hemingways of Philippine letters. Leopoldo Yabes in his investigation of the Philippine short story in English from 1925 to 1955 focuses to these models of American fiction applying significant impact on the early works of story journalists like Francisco Arcellana, A. E. Litiatco, Paz Latorena. . At the point when the University of the Philippines was established in 1908, a tip top gathering of essayists in English started to apply impact among the culturati. The U. P. Authors Club established in 1926, had expressed that one of its points was to improve and engender the language of Shakespeare. In 1925, Paz Marquez Benitez short story, Dead Stars was distributed and was made the milestone of the development of the Filipino essayist in English. Not long after Benitez, short story authors started distributing stories not, at this point imitative of American models. In this way, story journalists like Icasiano Calalang, A. E. Litiatco, Arturo Rotor, Lydia Villanueva, Paz Latorena , Manuel Arguilla started distributing stories showing both gifted utilization of the language and a sharp Filipino reasonableness. This blend of writing in an acquired tongue while harping on Filipino traditions and customs reserved the artistic yield of significant Filipino fictionists in English during the American time frame. Therefore, the significant books of the period, for example, the Filipino Rebel, by Maximo Kalaw, and His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya, are talks on social personality, nationhood and being Filipino done in the English language. Stories, for example, How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla examined the view just as the folkways of Ilocandia while N. V. M. Gonzales’s books and stories, for example, Children of the Ash Covered Loam, present the display of Mindoro, in the entirety of its traditions and conventions while arranging its characters in the human problem of wistfulness and neediness. Aside from Arguilla and Gonzales, noted fictionists during the period included Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose Garcia Villa commended as a virtuoso narrator, Consorcio Borje, Aida Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. Jose Garcia Villa himself composed a few short stories yet committed the greater part of his opportunity to verse. In 1936, when the Philippine Writers League was sorted out, Filipino essayists in English started examining the estimation of writing in the public eye. Started and driven by Salvador P. Lopez, whose articles on Literature and Societyprovoked discusses, the conversation focused on lowly writing, I. e. , drew in or submitted writing versus the craftsmanship for art’s purpose artistic direction. In any case, this conversation inquisitively left out the issue of imperialism and pilgrim writing and the entire spot of abstract writing in English under a pioneer set-up that was the Philippines at that point. With Salvador P. Lopez, the exposition in English picked up the high ground in everyday talk on legislative issues and administration. Polemicists who used to write in Spanish like Claro M. Recto, gradually began utilizing English in the conversation of recent developments even as paper dailies moved away from Spanish detailing into English. Among the writers, Federico Mangahas had a simple office with the language and the exposition as class. Other noted writers during the period were Fernando Maramag, Carlos P. Romulo , Conrado Ramirez. Then again, the blossoming of a lively artistic convention because of recorded occasions didn't inside and out hamper abstract creation in the local or indigenous dialects. Truth be told, the early time of the twentieth century was surprising for the critical artistic yield of every single significant language in the different scholarly kind. It was during the early American time frame that subversive plays, utilizing the type of the zarsuwela, were mounted. Zarsuwelistas Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino ,Juan Matapang Cruz. Juan Crisostomo Sotto mounted the works of art like Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and Hindi Ako Patay, all coordinated against the American colonialists. Patricio Mariano’s Anak ng Dagat and Severino Reyes’s Walang Sugat are similarly amazing zarsuwelas organized during the period. Just before World War II, Wilfredo Maria Guerrero would pick up predominance in theater through his one-demonstration plays which he visited through his versatile theater. In this way, Wanted a Chaperone and The Forsaken Housebecame exceptionally well known in grounds all through the archipelago. The epic in Tagalog, Iloko, Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon additionally created during the period helped generally by the consistent distribution of week by week magazines like the Liwayway, Bannawag and Bisaya which serialized the books. Among the early Tagalog authors of the twentieth century were Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Pena, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K. Santos and Lazaro Francisco. Ishmael Amado’s Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa distributed in 1909 was perhaps the soonest novel that managed the subject of American dominion in the Philippines. The epic, in any case, was not discharged from the print machine until 1916, at which time, the creator, by his own confirmation and subsequent to having been sent as a pensionado to the U. S. , had different thoughts separated from those he wrote in the novel. Valeriano Hernandez Pena’s Nena at Neneng portrays the tale of two ladies who happened to be best of companions as they adapt to their associations with the men in their lives. Nena prevails in her wedded life while Neneng experiences a turbulent marriage as a result of her envious spouse. Faustino Aguilar distributed Pinaglahuan, an adoration triangle set in the early long periods of the century when the laborers development was being framed. The novel’s saint, Luis Gatbuhay, is a specialist in a printery who isimprisoned for an unfounded allegation and loses his affection, Danding, to his adversary Rojalde, child of a well off industrialist. Lope K. Santos, Banaag at Sikat has nearly a similar subject and theme as the legend of the novel, Delfin, additionally begins to look all starry eyed at a rich lady, little girl of a well off proprietor. The romantic tale obviously is set additionally inside the foundation of advancement of the worker’s worker's guild development and all through the novel, Santos draws in the perusers in long treatises and talks on communism and free enterprise. Numerous other Tagalog writers composed on varieties of a similar topic, I. e. , the interaction of destiny, love and social equity. Among these journalists are Inigo Ed Regalado, Roman Reyes, Fausto J. Galauran, Susana de Guzman, Rosario de Guzman-Lingat, Lazaro Francisco, Hilaria Labog, Rosalia Aguinaldo, Amado V. Hernandez. A considerable lot of these journalists had the option to create at least three books as Soledad Reyes would confirm in her book which is the consequence of her thesis,

Heathcliff Understanding Man S Duality Essay Research free essay sample

Heathcliff: Understanding Man S Duality Essay, Research Paper Walk 20, 1996Study of Literature Heathcliff: Understanding Man s Duality In Emily Bronte s novel, Wuthering Heights, the straightforward request, Who and what is Heathcliff? waits in the peruser s head all through the account because of its intricate answers. There are two contradicting readings of Heathcliff that root thus region from an individual root. One development concerns Bronte s alone strategy for account which includes the narrator inside a narrator method. Despite the fact that there is one outside narrator, Bronte offers inside point of view through a few diverse narrational gadgets, for example, Nelly Dean s narrating and Isabella s note. The second includes objective presuming that the peruser may use to pull his/her ain choices toward the fulfillment of the novel. What's more, simply through the misgiving and connection of the two developments does the peruser understand that Heathcliff s polarity makes him be both the legend and the wannabe, and both the supporter an d the foe. We will compose a custom article test on Heathcliff Understanding Man S Duality Essay Research or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Villain is a rehashing word that the new s characters constantly used to portray Heathcliff. Be that as it may, when Nelly preeminent starts to express the historical backdrop of the family to Mr. Lockwood in Chapter 4, she reviews the cherished memory of Heathcliff with extravagant and compassion towards his being mishandled by Hindley. Nelly is in excess of a creative demonstration of the way that little Heathcliff neer hurt anybody in the main topographic point and that he was misfortunate to succumb to Hindley s mistreatment of the hapless, illegitimate child ( p. 79 ) . The peruser, alongside Mr. Lockwood other than learns of the guiltless love that created among Heathcliff and his dear Catherine. Furthermore, with age, their adoration stairss to a higher enthusiastic quality that ties them to an unreasonable feeling of opportunity, which amusingly traps them in inside spasm. Heathcliff s subject of reprisal and his all-inclusive want to ship it out is defended non only by the m erciless and harsh Hindley, yet next to by the unchanging help of the idea that he was non deserving of affection, along these lines, by the marriage of his dear Catherine to another grown-up male, and in the long run by her expire. Every one of these variables carry him to make his ain self-expending snake pit in which he is the Satan each piece great as the limited scoundrel of Wuthering Heights, his brutal realm. Isabella s message, and Nelly s last affections for the developed Heathcliff simply helps the peruser to remember the evil, and fiendish grown-up male whose inaccessibility rendered him unequipped for human sympathy. In any case, the peruser must non cover all the genuine stamp minutes Heathcliff uncovers with Catherine and the enthusiastic way he portrays his from this point forward without Catherine as perish and snake pit ( p.186 ) . Tragically, for the characters each piece great as the peruser it is simpler to take a gander even from a pessimistic standpoint sides of individuals than the great, so it is of import to see the understood in causes that have formed Heathcliff. The peruser may other than assume that the essayist recalls Heathcliff s abuse and as a sort of sympathy permits Heathcliff at a push to bring through his pledge for reprisal by holding him incidentally outlast the majority of his coevals each piece great as his ain kid. Concerning the characters that experience Heathcliff, they appear to be generally biting the dust to escape his torment. What's more, expire is a help of harming and torment for characters like Catherine, who passed on have oning the vibe of a grinning ( p. 201 ) , and even Linton, who envisions his inescapable expire to be a tranquility of head. This is all a direct result of the way Heathcliff contemptibly excited disdain and strained quality to those he constrained around him, doing them to purposefully despise him each piece great as one another. Thusly, the answer to why Heathcliff purposefully give occasion to feel qualms about wretchedness Wuthering Heights is a compound one. In the closing yearss of Heathclif f s life a recognizable change happens to which Nelly calls to going to in the way he has all the earmarks of being phenomenally energized ( p. 358 ) and her jumbling to his announcement, I m too much cheerful, but then non upbeat bounty about the hope of his ain perish ( p. 362 ) . When Heathcliff gets perceptive of his coming expire, he can relinquish the beasts in his chest that torment him since he realizes that he will be brought together with Catherine one time more along these lines, inevitably freeing himself and those left around him to assume typical lives. Heathcliff did non disregard in his interest to emphasize history yet just partly. His expire let the lives of juvenile Catherine and Hareton to get down once more and to the full get down to populate out their ain lives. However, during his life, his insufficiency of affection for the life and the troublesome anguish he applied in his independent snake pit does Heathcliff look not exactly a grown-up male and even more an unfeeling creature. Hence, at the choice of the novel the peruser learns of the more prominent noteworthiness of Bronte s word image of adoration # 8211 ; Heathcliff battled with an enthusiasm for Catherine that neglected to suspend at her misfortune and on the other hand transformed into something appalling and difficult for the individuals of his family every piece great as himself. This implements Heathcliff s division of character with the goal that he is both the saint and the screw-up, the supporter each piece great as the enemy of Wuthering Heights. 355

How to disable Word Verification on Blogger comment

How to disable Word Verification on Blogger comment Google Bloggers default comment system included word verification feature and this feature is a best feature of Google to resist spam and prevents automated systems from posting comments to your blog. Though Google has announced war against spam. So for making a comment you have to prove commentator as a human they have to write word or digit verification. When you make a comment on blogger comment box then different word or digit puzzle shown randomly. This is very good feature for fight against spam. Spammer comment on a blog that look like an advertisement or a random link but those links and advertisement are completely unrelated with your site. That means you site has encountered comment spam. Comment spam can be automatically create by software. So for resisting this kinds of unwanted comment word verification work best. However this feature can reduce your number of comment from your Blog. Because many commentator doesnt like word verification after making comment. Beside of this I have found many problem in various Google blogger base blog where after writing comment word verification appeared but word verification image is not loading properly. As a result, I have refresh the page again and seen my whole comment has gone. So this is very annoying for any commentator to rewriting the comment again and again. Ultimately visitors will feel discourage to make comment on blog and most commentator leave the site forever because they face problem while making comment. For this reason its better to disable word verification. For disabling word verification from Google bloggers default comment system just follow the below steps- Step #1:Sing in to yourBloggerAccountand Go toBloggerDashboard Step #2:Go toBloggerDashboard -Settings-Posts and comments- Step #3:Now under Show word verification select No by clicking on Dropdown option. Step #4:Finally click on Save Setting Button on the top right corner of the page. Congratulation! You have successfully disable word verification from your default commenting system. Now make a comment after sign out from your Google Blogger account then see Word verification is not appearing.

Literary evolution Differentiating Romanticism and...

The idea of what literatures function is in shaping society saw a huge change throughout the years, each one of these periods can easily be separated by what literature was used for in each specific era and the ideas that are represented in the literature of these years. The two periods I would like to analyze are romanticism and modernism, namely for the dramatic change in both the form and the use of literature, along with its value to society. Between the romantic and modernist era of literature, writing went from a complex expression of ideals and evocation of emotion to a much less explicit and much more of a social commentary meant to convey unique and new ideas and bring a much different form of realization to the reader. A†¦show more content†¦While some may argue that this may just be a coincidence purely due to the style in which these two authors write, looking back on Wordsworth’s writing after observing that of Eliot provides a sharper contrast of vie ws and ideas of how literature specifically works. In Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, Wordsworth uses the sublime power of nature to converse with the reader about the emotion one can experience when humbling themselves and observing the forces of nature. First Wordsworth shows his romantic perspective when he states â€Å"Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs / That on a wild secluded scene impress / Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect / The landscape with the quiet of the sky (Tintern Abby, 5-8). Again this is Wordsworth’s famed ability to bring out the sublime feelings brought about through the simple observation of nature. This is more than typical of a romantic writer, yet if you observed the emotional distance that is apparent in Eliot’s writing it would not be incorrect to assume the modernist writer would have little interest in nature or the sublime and the emotions which Wordsworth claims it elicits. Rather Eliot would ar gue the decay of modern society has made him numb to such a simple romantic ideal. I argue this because of the sharp contrast that the passages taken from Eliot’s Love Song provide when compared beside Wordsworth. Eliot writes â€Å"For

Assignment 371 Dementia Essay examples - 924 Words

Assignment 371 Task A A1) Explain how different forms of dementia can affect the way an individual communicates. All forms of dementia can affect the way a person communicates, so in time they may have to find different ways of expressing themselves and their feelings. As a carer your non-verbal communication will become important, your body language, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact and tone of voice will have to be taken into account when you are communicating with a sufferer. In the early stages of some forms of dementia people may have difficulty finding the right word they are looking for, and in the later stages of some forms of dementia the words could be lost completely. As the dementia progresses, it gets a lot†¦show more content†¦It is important to keep the sentence short because the longer the sentence is then the more likely they are to forget the beginning of it. A4) Describe the impact the behaviours of carers and others may have on an individual with dementia. As a carer it is important how you come across to a person with dementia, they still have emotions and feelings. Your body language and facial expressions can be picked up on by the individual, if you let out a long sigh or raise your eyebrows or have a nasty look on your face then this will be abusive to them and they won’t trust you. Talk to them in a calm manner, hold their hand and smile at them, this will show the individual that you have a caring attitude and they will be better for it. If there are other people in the room who are maybe shouting or talking and laughing then this could cause a problem communicating with the person with dementia, too much noise will only frustrate the individual as they won’t be able to concentrate on any conversation. Task B B1) Analyse ways of responding to the behaviour of an individual with dementia taking account of the abilities and needs of the individual, carers and others. Caring for an individual with dementia can have it’sShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learning Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment 97 Scoring Key 97 Comparison Data 97 Emotional Intelligence Assessment 97 Scoring Key 97 Comparison Data 99 The Defining Issues Test 99 The EscapedRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageschapter. ââ€"   Media Enhanced WebAssign (ISBN 0-495-10963-0) Enhanced WebAssign is the most widely used homework system in higher education. Available for this title, Enhanced WebAssign allows you to assign, collect, grade, and record homework assignments via the web. This proven homework system has been enhanced to include links to the textbook sections, video examples, and problemspeciï ¬ c tutorials. Enhanced WebAssign is more than a homework system—it is a complete learning system for students.Read MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesa clear NGO need, while developing their own leadership capabilities. During 2009 and 2010, PULSE deployed 116 volunteers in 33 countries to work with 42 NGOs. Volunteers continue to receive their full GSK salary during their three to six month assignment. In 2010, this ï ¬ gure, along with the operating costs for managing the programme, represented a total in-kind donation of  £2.4 million. Governance and remuneration P58–P101 Financial statements P102–P191 Shareholder information P192–P212 BusinessRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pageswith BILLS 20 enrolled under an appropriate Exchange-partici- 24 pating health benefits plan. Such process may 25 involve a random assignment or some other †¢HR 3962 IH VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00185 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 186 1 form of assignment that takes into account the 2 health care providers used by the individual in- 3 volved or such other relevant factors as the 4

Ba323 Exam Essay - 6817 Words

BA323 exam Chapter 1 Review Questions 1. How would you define â€Å"organization development†? Answer: Organization development is a series of planned behavioral science intervention activities with the purpose of increasing the effectiveness of the system and developing the potential of all individual members. OD efforts are planned, systematic approaches to change that are carried out in collaboration with organization members to help find improved ways of working together toward individual and organizational goals. 2. How does OD differ from a single-change technique such as management training? Answer: OD represents a systems approach that is concerned with the interrelationship of various divisions, departments, groups, and†¦show more content†¦Change leader - a person responsible for change in an organization. Client - the person or organization that is being assisted. Creative individualism - questioning of peripheral norms, accepting of pivotal norms. External practitioner - a person from outside the organization who serves as a resource for change. Internal practitioner - an internal resource for change, such as a manager or other member of the organization. Norms - the organized and shared ideas regarding what members should do and feel, how this behavior should be regulated, and what sanctions should be applied. Organization culture - a system of shared meanings, including language, dress, values, norms, and attitudes of an organization. Organization development - planned strategy to bring about change. OD practitioner - the people using, advocating, and assisting others to implement OD. OD specialist - professionals that have specialized and trained in organization development and related areas such as organization behavior, applied social sciences, interpersonal communications, and decision making. Peripheral norms - norms that support and contribute to the pivotal norms but that are not essential to the organization’s objectives. Pivotal norms - norms essential to an organization’s objectives. Psychological contract - expectations between an individual and an organization. Socialization - process of an individual

Whats So Great About Dance, Anyway free essay sample

The wooden gym doors slightly creek open as I walk in hesitantly and nervous. Sweaty palms and cold, semi-bare feet tiptoe and make contact with the freshly waxed wooden floor. The leather piece of material wrapped to the bottoms of my feet begin to stick as if being permanently sewn onto the bottoms of my feet as they break into their normal cold sweat step after step. The lights flicker on from the aged gym creating an eerie green illumination on my skin until they finally turn on completely. Once I make it to the middle of the room beside the other dancers, I stand there feeling the leather foot paws becoming one with my body speaking the promising words of, â€Å"You’re here. You’re ready and there’s no backing out†. I knew then and there when the strange yet familiar lady with the blonde ponytail was ready to proceed with her business. We will write a custom essay sample on Whats So Great About Dance, Anyway? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Like the unsure certainty of skydiving, possibly expecting the worse but hoping for the best, I myself knew this could change my life either for better or worse. â€Å"Your head starts down†, she said as she turned her back towards me and the other dancers. That one body movement was what sealed the deal. I had never challenged myself to that extent when it came to dance; when it came to anything. The feeling of bony knees leaping then crashing into the wooden floors and new skin from the bottoms of my feet creating friction with the floor continuously, made me realize something. If I had wanted this position of being an officer, it wasn’t going to be obviously easy considering I’m being the unidealistic role of â€Å"mom† to other teenage girls like myself. But it’s what I felt like I’m supposed to do. Leading and being a positive outbreak to someone was why I signed up for the â€Å"mentor† role. Besides figuring out other teenagers along with myself, I wanted to stop feeling the physical pain. The ripping of new skin, the bruising then the routine bleeding, the carpet burns, the court burns, the sore achy muscles and bones, I was going to have to set my heart and mind in the right place to realize that the whole cliche â€Å"there’ s no â€Å"I† in â€Å"team† was coming into play here. â€Å"It doesn’t matter if you can execute the hardest dance combination because you’re only as strong as the weakest team member out there on the floor†. It didn’t matter if I individually hurt because we all as a team were physically hurting from the long hours. We all knew. But those words that came from my director Diane Craig one day in summer practice, advanced me to dig deeper, light a fire within and be the better person, the better leader, I had been chosen to be. Like an avalanche sending down a tiny snowball, there was no stopping me. And here you may think, what does drill team and dancing have to do with being a better person? Despite the coming together as a team to create this compact group of individuals with some smiles, sparkles and tricks, there’s a hidden lesson only taking part of can make you understand. It’s about being aware, open, understanding, and a leader. Whether it’s being thrown into a position for wearing the officer’s white uniform or the team’s uniform, becoming the role model for a group of strangers can definitely set you apart and prepare you for the future. Whether it’s having an interview, dressing nice, being a good person and keeping your word, or being on time to a certain appointment or set date, drill team has me prepared. Being ten steps ahead for every single action taking place becomes second nature because you don’t know when another girl or other person is in need of something. It could be something drastically helpful as a lun ch, an extra change of clothes, or something simple as a bobby-pin or hair tie. When it comes to the world outside of high school, it may not be one of those specific actions and yet again it could. I know that becoming a leader or playing â€Å"mom† for a drill team has a bigger meaning than giving a silly little safety pin to another girl, then she be magically inspired. The meaning is way more than coming together to figure out whether an arm or leg movement goes on count 5 or if a leap goes on count 8 and you stand up on 2 so that you can win a competition. It’s more than humbling yourself and giving up your spot on the front row. It’s about â€Å"imagining the possibilities†. It’s about sacrifice, going above and beyond the call of duty, and pulling through with a smile.

The Color Purple By Alice Walker Essays - The Color Purple

The Color Purple by Alice Walker Alice Walker's The Color Purple presents the life-long struggle of Celie, a black Georgia woman, who yearns to obtain confidence and self-esteem. During the early stages of the novel, references to wagons are made, signifying the ?old days,? whereas towards the end of the work automobiles surface. Though Walker never discusses any specific time or place where the story actually occurs, the change in transportation suggests about a forty-year span of Celie's life, from the beginning of the novel until the end. Written in first person, Celie writes a series of letters to God, explaining the torture that she faces, and begging him for some form of mercy. After years of abuse, both physically and emotionally, Celie discovers herself searching for some self-respect. Fonso, Celie's abusive father, forces her to marry Albert, also abusive by nature. Celie finds a degree of hope through the depiction of Albert's mistress, Shug. Shug serves as a tremendous force in Celie's attainment of confidence, as the two eventually form a strong bond. Celie's sister, Nettie, intelligent and caring who ?mean[s] everything in the world? to Celie, also faces many of the same obstacles that Celie does, but Nettie first helps Celie overcome hers. As time passes, Celie gains more and more self-respect as well as some respect from others. The central theme flowing throughout the work remains that man often defeats his problems through the nurturing of close intimate relationships. The bond between Shug and Celie allows Celie to conquer her passive behavior. Likewise, her relationship with Nettie also instills a strong sense of courage and self-esteem within Celie. Celie refuses to allow the horrible deeds of the men in her life to control her towards the latter stages of the novel. The intimate relationships that Celie shares with both the energetic Shug and the loving Nettie provides Celie with hope that she will one day come out of her passive shell. Walker captures the audience with Celie's series of letters to God that involve the audience. This unusual style of writing forces the reader to become directly involved in Celie's life. Though the work is told by Celie's perspective, the audience is able to receive adequate information about other key characters instead of only being able to venture into Celie's mind. The language used throughout the novel serves several purposes. Initially, the use of the slang serves to exhibit to the audience the illiterate Celie who just spells words as they sound. Though the novel is not written in standard English, the reader can easily identify with Celie and the other people in the novel because the slang makes for easier reading with a better idea of what message is trying to be conveyed. Walker illustrates the importance of close human relationships and how they help heal pain through this masterpiece.

Tools for Running Tree and Lumber Calculations

Tools for Running Tree and Lumber Calculations Jeff Brokaw is webmaster and creator of The Timber Buyers Network (TBN) which is a growing resource for people interested in forestry in the North Central States. His site hosts a fledgling forum and increasingly provides much needed information for forest owners and loggers in Michigan and surrounding states. Jeff has worked in the Wood biz for 22 years. His primary occupation is head sawyer for a large north central Michigan mill. Jeff is also an accomplished artist and has sketches on display from as far away as the United Kingdom. His interest in art is what led him into designing websites, and in a natural progression (for him), led to the creation of TBN . In his designing and messing with forestry things, Jeff, with forester Ron Wenrich, have designed several quick calculators to help you with simple estimates. You might never need your cruiser stick or volume tables again. Ill let Jeff describe each calculator: Tree Volume Calculator was designed to help answer the general question How much lumber is in my tree? This will give the landowner a close answer. Variables that we cant add, such as individual tree form, will always be a factor in determining volume. (Outputs in Doyle, Scribner and International scales)Use this calculator Board Footage Calculator is a handy little tool, not only in helping the landowner determine board footage needed for a project, but also a tool for the lumber producer to get a quick measurement on lumber sawn.Use this calculator Log Volumes Calculator is used to help a landowner measure the volume of a saw log just the way its done upon arrival at the mill. A specialized scale stick is not necessary, just a tape measure or ruler, and this handy calculator. (Outputs in Doyle, Scribner and International scale.)Use this calculator Tree Spacing Calculator is a great tool for determining seedlings needed per acre at a specified spacing, or estimating numbers of trees in a plantation setting.Use this calculator Hardwood Pulp Calculator will calculate the volume for non-saw log trees or Pulpwood. The calculator can return its output in cords, cubic feet, tons, cubic meters and metric tons.Use this calculator Lumber and Log Weight Calculator is a very, very, general estimator of weight by species per cord and B.F. It includes an explanation why weights can vary by many percentage points on similar volumes. Limited use for very rough estimates.Use this calculator Jeff is also the webmaster for several other forestry related sites. Those sites include The Michigan Association of Timbermen www.timbermen.org , The Michigan Forest Resource Alliance www.mfra.org and the Michigan Branch of the Sustainable Forest Initiative Programs website. www.michiganforest.com

Story of my leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Story of my leadership - Assignment Example He should be able to portray optimism even in the face of adversity. This type of leadership advocates for what would be referred to us intellectual stimulation. Offering a room for creativity free from a lot of red tapes predisposes leader’s followers to a greater level of confidence. The followers are able to effectively connect with their leader without fear of any punitive measures against them. In this leadership model, a leader should be able to enhance positive change among his followers. It focuses on the personality of the leader instead of the actions of the same leader. To effect change and impart it among individuals requires a lot of assertiveness which is a must trait that a leader should posses if not learn. Change may be costly to an organization if not handled in the right manner. It includes all aspects of change be it a positive change or negative change. Change involves transition and is complex in nature. Without extreme care, several factors are likely to go wrong and this is one major challenge to transformational leadership model. For change to be effective and minimize negative challenges that are most likely to occur, three dimensional aspects need to be adequately addressed. These include, inspiring and motivating those affected by change. This includes emotional motivation. Emerging factors in the post change phase and their impacts must adequately be addressed. Management of people’s actions that assist them in undertaking whatever is expected of

Independent research study - BBA Hospitality Management Paper

Independent study - BBA Hospitality Management - Research Paper Example The social media affects communication in diverse sections and social groups in the world. Instead of mass communication, there are mass communicators (Runion, 2010). This is because the power and authorities of traditional communication channels are losing their rigours and new and smaller channels are developing through the social media like Twitter and Facebook. In December, 1995, there were only 16 million internet users and this represented just 0.4% of the worlds population at that time (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011). However, today, 30.4% of the worlds population is hooked onto the Internet and this represents 2.1 billion people (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011. Many people spend a lot of their time online these days. Some go online to check their mails whilst others maintain links with interest groups, family, friends, old school mates and other relatives living overseas through social media networks. In her assessment of her statistics on the social media industry, Evans identifies interesting facts about the social media network (2011). She identifies that there were 21 million Twitter users in the United States in 2011. She states that 40% of bloggers describe themselves as professional so they spend a considerable time working on the internet. Secondly she indicates that 60% of all Fortune 500 companies conduct business over the popular social network site, Facebook. Facebook has over 800 million users around the globe this makes it one of the biggest concentration of the potential market that exists for all goods and services (LA Times, 2011). This means that more and more people are spending their time on the Internet and on social network sites. Also, a vast community of professionals are evolving, who spend time and acquire skills which is sufficient to help build the social network as a good place to do business. This therefore means that the social network are appropriate outlets through which businesses can operate and make profit.

Capital Market Essay Example for Free

Capital Market Essay Concept, Security market, Primary Secondary markets-Functions Role, Functionaries of stock exchanges-Brokers, Sub- Brokers, Jobbers, Consultants ,Institutional Investors NRIs. Definition of Capital Market Capital market is the market from where long-term capital raised for industry, trade and commerce and long-term securities are transacted. It is a well-organised market for providing long-term capital whether in the form of securities or borrowings. Distinguish between Money Market and Capital Market. Two main components of financial market are — (1) capital market and (2) money market. Main aim of two markets is to supply money in industry, trade and commerce. The differences between the two markets are discussed here : 1. Definition: Capital market is the market from where long-term capital is collected for the purpose of industry, trade and commerce. Money market is the market from where short-term capital is collected for industry, trade and business. 2. Types of Capital: Capital market supplies long-term capital mainly. Money market supplies short term capital generally. 3. Use of Capital: Capital collected from capital market is used to purchase fixed asset and meet deficiency of current capital. Capital collected from money market is used to meet current capital only. 4. Impact: Capital market creates scope for investment in industry and business through indirect securities transaction. Money market creates scope for investment in agriculture, industry and commerce directly. For example — money market arranges cash credit system in agriculture. 5. Protection of Interests: Capital Market makes arrangement for investment to protect the investors’ interest. Money market makes arrangement of investment for their own interest with depositors’ money. 6. Ancillary Functions: The members of capital market do not usually perform ancillary functions on behalf of clients but they may render institutional services. The members of the money market performs different types of ancillary functions, such as purchase of shares and debentures, co llection of dividend, keeping of valuable articles in custody etc. on behalf of their clients. 7. Underwriting Functions: Underwriting of shares and debentures are one of the main functions of capital market. Underwriting of shares and debentures of companies are secondary functions of money market. 8. Constituents: The constituents of capital market are — insurance company, investment trust, underwriters, and government and private organisations. Money market is composed of Reserve Bank of India, commercial bank, cooperative society, indigenous bankers and investors. 9. Segments: Capital market may be divided into two segments viz. new issue market and secondary market. The important segments of money market are: Treasury bill market, commercial paper, call money market, certificates of deposit markets. 10. Regulation: Capital market in India is mainly regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Indian money market is regulated by The Reserve Bank of India. Describe the features of Indian Capital Market. The features of Indian capital market are discussed here : (1) Lack of Specialised Agencies: Industrial bank, underwriting agencies, share issue house — all these expert institutions are found in capital market of foreign countries. But such expert organisations are absent in capital market of India. (2) Capital Supply by Managing Agent: In India the custom of supplying capital by managing agent is not found in any other country of the world, though this custom has been abolished now. (3) Establishment of Capital Supplying Agency: A good number of financing institutions have been set up in India at the initiative of the government. All these institutions are more important than private financing institutions in the capital market of India. (4) Governmental Efforts: Investment trust and insurance companies which play important role in other countries do not play the same role in India. So, to stabilise capital market in India, UTI and LICI have been set up by government initiative. (5) Arrangement of Long-term Loan: Different investment institutions make arrangement of longterm loan for industry and commerce in the capital market of India. Help to National Growth: One of the main features of Indian capital market is that it helps national development. Collecting small savings of people, Indian capital market forms a monetary fund. This money is utilised for national development in many cases. Describe the functions of Indian Capital Market. The standard of development of a country can be realised from the functions of capital market. Development of any country depends on the formation of capital of that country. So, importance of the functions of capital market is immense for economic development of the country. Function of Indian capital Market is as follows: Help to Establishment and Expansion of Industry and Commerce: Fixed capital is required for establishment, expansion and continuity of industrial and commercial institutions, capital market supplies necessary money for these requirements. Arrangement of Long-term Loan : Long-term loan is required for establishment or expansion of business. Different investment institutions under this market make arrangement for providing long-term loan in industry and commerce. Help to Public Enterprise : Capital market also helps in transaction of securities of 7 public enterprises. Help to National Growth: Capital market forms a monetary fund from the collection of small savings of the people. This money is utilised for national development in many cases. Motivation to Savings : As capital market is an organised market for long-term investment, both corporate sector and investment sector have great confidence in it. This market encourages the people in savings by creating scope for investment in securities of different profiteering firms. Advisory Functions: investors cannot always choose profitable shares or securities. There are a large number of experienced brokers in capital market who assist the investors by rendering advice relating to investment. Mobility of Savings : Capital market keeps savings of the country mobile by creating scope for investment in profitable securities. Functions of Underwriter: Underwriting of shares and debentures are one of the main functions of capital market. Capital Formation : One of the main functions of capital market is capital formation. Small savings of people are deposited in capital market as investment and form a monetary fund. Long-term loan is provided to different business institutions from this monetary fund. Create Ready Market: Transactions of securities are regularly held in the capital market. Thus give the scope to the investors to collect money by selling securities in their need and to purchase securities in right time. Describe the constituent of Indian Capital Market. The constituents of capital market are — (a) investment trust, (b) insurance company, (c) securities market and (d) special financing institution. Let us describe them in details: Investment Trust These institutions are formed as Joint Stock Limited Company. These institutions collect capital by selling own shares and debentures and supply capital to the industrial concerns through the purchase of their shares and debentures. Remarkable Investment Trusts of our country are — The Tata Investment Trust (Pvt. Ltd.), The Investment Corporation of India Ltd., The New India Investment Corporation Company Ltd. [â™ ¦ Advantages of Investment Trust (1) Profitability : From small investors point of view investment of their small savings in investment trust is more profitable. (2) Less Risk : Investors are assured of safety to their investment in investment trust. (3) Capital Formation : Investment trust creates the habit of savings among common people. As a result capital is formed and that capital helps expand industry in the country. ⠝â€" Disadvantages of Investment Trust (1) Non-disclosure of Information : Investment trusts do not disclose all information regarding investment of investors. As a result investors remain in the dark about many factors of investment. (2) Personal Interest: Many times management of investment trusts invest the money of investors in small profitable institutions for personal interest. As a result interests of investors are dissatisfied.] Insurance Company Insurance companies collect much money as premium and invest this amount in long-term securities of different institutions. Of the insurance companies LICI has the most influence. ⠝â€" Advantages of Insurance Company (1) Stable Return : If any policyholder makes insurance for certain amount of premium under LICI, at the maturity of the policy, the policyholder gets back insured money along with bonus and interest. If the policyholder expires by any means, his nominee is provided with the fixed amount of money. (2) Encouragement to Savings and Investment: Insurance company encourages common people in small savings and teach him to invest his savings profitably. (3) Facility of Ploughing Back Profit: The profit available from invested money in the insurance company is re-invested. As a result amount of refundable profit goes on increasing every year. Securities Market The market where transactions of securities are held, is called securities market. Securities market is classified into two sectors — (1) new issue market and (2) share market. Both types of securities markets are significant for long-term investment. Special Financing Institutions Lack of capital is the main reason of under-development of trade and commerce in India. To dispel this deficiency many financing institutions have been set up at the initiative of the Central and State Government. Of these Industrial Finance Corporation of India and National Industrial Development Corporation are important. Indian capital market improved a lot with the help of these institutions. ⠝â€" Advantages of Special Financing Institutions (1) Granting Long-term Loan : These institutions grant long-term loan to different industries. (2) Underwriting: All these institutions act as underwriter in case of issue of new shares. (3) Foreign Capital: There are a good number of financing institutions like ICICI which help much to bring foreign capital. Besides — (a) provident fund institutions and (b) building institutions also helped a lot for the development of Indian capital market. What do you mean by Securities Market? Securities include shares, scrip, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate. Generally the market where the transaction of such securities is field or the institutions which help to sell or resell share or debenture are called securities market. Securities market is divided into two sectors — (a) new issues market or primary market and (b) share market or secondary market. Both types of securities market are important for long-term industrial investment. What is New Issues Market? Describe the features of such market. The primary market or New Issues Market is that part of the capital markets that deals with the issuance of new securities. Companies, governments or public sector institutions can obtain funding through the sale of a new stock or bond issue. This is typically done through a syndicate of securities dealers. The process of selling new issues to investors is called underwriting. In the case of a new stock issue, this sale is an initial public offering (IPO). Dealers earn a commission that is built into the price of the security offering, though it can be found in the prospectus. Primary markets create long term instruments through which corporate entities borrow from capital market. The features of New Issues Market are as follows: (1) New Issues Business: New issues market deals in new issues. Therefore, the securities which were not available before will be issued to the investors for the-first time and these will be sold from this market. (2) Supply of Additional Fund : As new issues are sold from new issues market or primary market, therefore, the issuing amount of securities supplies excess fund to institutions. So, this market is directly related with financial supply of issuing institutions. (3) No Centralised Control: New issues market is not under central control and administration for the fulfillment of its business. (4) No Institutional Structure: New issues market is not confined to a particular place. So, this market has no geographical existence. In a word, it can be said that new issues market has no institutional structure. (5) Help to Entrepreneurs : To help the entrepreneurs who wish to take up new venture or like to expand present venture is t he main function of this market. Describe the Functions of New Issues Market or Primary Market New issues market deals in new securities. Therefore, the securities which were not sold before and will be issued to the investors for the first time, are sold from this market. Important functions of this market are discussed here : (1) Help to Entrepreneurs : Main function of new issue market is to help the entrepreneurs who like to take up new venture or expand their present venture. (2) Supply of Excess Fund: As new issues market deals in new issues, money collected by issuing securities supplies excess fund to the institutions. (3) Help to Transfer of Savings : This market helps much to transfer the savings of the savers to the entrepreneurs. In a word, it helps utilise saved money in productive use or constructive function. (4) Function of Primary Enquiry : This market also performs the function of primary enquiry into the legal and financial sides of the new issues companies. (5) Advisory Functions: This market renders some service in the form of advice to the new issues companies. Remarkable among these advice are — (a) determination of types of investment, (b) price of new issues shares in the context of the share market situation,(c) determine the time of issue of new shares and importance, (d) procedure of issues, (e) sale’s technique etc. (6) Underwriters’ Functions : New issues market helps new companies very much through underwriters. Underwriters are one kind of brokers, who promise to sell off definite amount of securities. (7) Distribution Functions : Function of distribution depends on the method of transferring securities in the hands of the investors. This market performs this function very well with the help of skilled and expert brokers and sub-brokers. (8) Help to Development of Industry : New issues market is not confined to a particular place. It has no geographical existence. So, the entrepreneurs can take help of this market in any part of the country. Describe the procedures of Marketing of New Securities under New Issues Market. New issue market is known as primary market for issue of securities to raise fresh capital. Procedure of this marketing is discussed here : 1. Public Issue through Prospectus : It is the natural procedure for collection of money for public companies. The company appeals to people directly to purchase share and debenture through publicity. The prospectus makes people aware of future prospect of the company and the objectives of the use of collected money. Those who are willing to purchase share on the conditions advertised in the prospectus lodges application to the company to purchase shares in response to the appeal of the company. In this process wide publicity is possible along with sale of shares. 2. Sale through Brokers : Securities of the company may be sold through brokers. At present many experts, banks and insurance organisations function as brokers. Brokers get proper commission for this job. 3. Sale through Underwriters: Underwriters are a kind of broker who are bound up with underwriting contract with the company giving assurance of selling a definite portion of shares. Underwriters purchase the shares they fail to sell. They get commission in exchange of their job. Rates of commission may be different for different securities. Of course there must be proper guide line during this in the rules of the company. This system is considered to be the best means for sale of securities. 4. Sale through Investment Institutions/Private Placement: Under this method the issuing company generally engages the investment institutions as stock brokers to sell securities. Investment institutions generally buy total shares or debentures of the company at an agreed price. 5. Issue of Bonus and Right Shares : As per Companies Act any existing company can increase its capital by selling their new shares. But if such decision is taken, the rule is to dispose of the shares proportionately to the present shareholders. If present shareholders are unwilling to purchase or if a special resolution is taken by the shareholders that the shares be sold to the public first and if such proposal is approved by the Central Government, the shares may be sold to the public in this way. This method is called issue of bonus and right share. 6. Sale through Employees : Many companies sell securities to their employees and collect money. This system improves the relationship between industrialist and labours and grows eagerness and enthusiasm for work among the workers. Write a short note on Book Building An Initial Public Offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public in the primary market. This Initial Public Offering can be made through the fixed price method, book building method or a combination of both. Book Building is essentially a process used by companies raising capital through Public Offeringsboth Initial Public Offers (IPOs) or Follow-on Public Offers ( FPOs) to aid price and demand discovery. Usually, the issuer appoints a major investment bank to act as a major securities underwriter or bookrunner. It is a mechanism where, during the period for which the book for the offer is open, the bids are collected from investors at various prices, which are within the price band specified by the issuer. The process is directed towards both the institutional as well as the retail investors. The issue price is determined after the bid closure based on the demand generated in the process. The Process: †¢ The Issuer who is planning an offer nominates lead merchant banker(s) as book runners. †¢ The Issuer specifies the number of securities to be issued and the price band for the bids. †¢ The Issuer also appoints syndicate members with whom orders are to be placed by the investors. †¢ The syndicate members input the orders into an electronic book. This process is called bidding and is similar to open auction. †¢ The book normally remains open for a period of 5 days. †¢ Bids have to be entered within the specified price band. †¢ Bids can be revised by the bidders before the book closes. †¢ On the close of the book building period, the book runners evaluate the bids on the basis of the demand at various price levels. †¢ The book runners and the Issuer decide the final price at which the securities shall be issued. †¢ Generally, the number of shares are fixed, the issue size gets frozen based on the final price per share. †¢ Allocation of securities is made to the successful bidders. The rest get refund orders. Advantages of Book Building: 1. It reduces the duration between allotment and listing of shares. 2. It discovers the selling price of the shares. 3. There is very little scope of manipulating the price before listing. 4. This method is a reliable procedure for allotment.

Music Censorship Essay examples -- essays research papers

Synthesis paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism, hate, sex, drugs, and profanity are among many things people encounter in everyday life whether they want to or not. The one thing that people do have control over is what kind of music they listen to and to take that right away from anyone would be more offensive than having the president of the United States of America get oral sex in the oval office, one of the most honored places in the country. People get more worked up over the things in life that mean nothing, than worrying about crucial issues. Our society can tolerate watching parents smack their children in *Wal-Mart more than they can stand to hear a curse word, or a sexual comment in a song. Music is an expression of the artist and should be treated as that. Censoring music is like telling Michelangelo he could not put the penis on â€Å"David†. The truth is that censoring music is an action that goes against the constitution of the United States of America and although some content may offend people, prohibition of freedom of expression violates the rights of more than those offended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a democracy, there is absolutely no chance to please everyone but taking away their rights as citizens will upset even more of the population. Under the first amendment of the constitution it states that congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom...

Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide

Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Martin Novick Group 14, Chemical Engineering Laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 Summary The goal of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the project were the jacketed beaker batch reactor and the LabPro conductivity probe.The solution’s conductivity throughout the reaction was collected and plotted in a linearized plot against time to retrieve value for each trial. The rate law was assumed to be = , where and are the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) values were plotted against the inverse temperatures to ( linearize the Ar rhenius equation. The k o value and E value from the linearized Arrhenius plot were found to be 15  ± 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402  ± 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E value being negative suggests the reaction is exothermic. The large standard errors of the and values were probably caused by the low number of data points collected or the assumed rate law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Saponification is a chemical process heavily used in industry, especially in soap production.Knowing the effects of temperature on the reaction rate allows better control over the reaction process and find the optimizing point of production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes reactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum possible profit. 2 The saponif ication of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction given as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 > CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. [2] The rate was assumed to be second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant,[2] with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as:[4] dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH concentration, Cac is the concentration of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting concentration of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate throughout the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. Substituting the expressions for COH and Cac into Equation 1 results in: dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt Equation 2 is then separated and integrated shown as the following: ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result of equation 3 would become: ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate solution was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 times of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . After the substitution of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to: 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship between xo x (5) and conductivity of the solution was given as:[2] ? = , ? (6) where is the initial conductivity of NaOH before adding ethyl acetate, s the conductivity after the reaction has reached completion, and is the conductivity at any point of time during the reaction process. Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following: ? ln (0. 2 ? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since , and are constants, the only variable in the left hand side of Equation 7 being . Each point can be substituted into the left hand side of Equation 7 and plotted against time to retrieve a linear plot with the slope being the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, and activation energy, , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as: k = k o , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by taking the natural log of both sides: ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . RT 1 (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship between ln(k) and 4 the y-intercept being ln( ) and the slope being . Hence: k o = ey? intercept . = ? (10) (11) Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, mixing stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the limiting reactant. [1] NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its high conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more visible, and the termination of the reaction can be more easily observed. The each experimental trail was setup as shown in Figures A1 and A2 of Appendix A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the surface of the reacting solution. One data reading was retrieved per second. Before the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at desired temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 isothermal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was only a function of temperature; if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would also vary throughout the reaction. The reaction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For about the first half a minute, only the conductivity of NaOH in the r eactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily observed. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point after the major drop of conductivity due to the addition of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started after about half a minute after the start of the data collection by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a uniform temperature of the solution, to prevent any local k values being different from the overall k value. If there any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, there would be different local k values throughout the reactor. Data collection was terminated at least half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity, , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects were remove d by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 Figure 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln( ) . The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in Figure 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the data does not have a good linear fit. The lack of data points may have been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the same temperature mostly seem to have small variations, but overall has the predicted trend of decreasing in ln(k) value as ?1 increases. The plot has a negative overall trend with and hence retrieving a negative E value. The negative E value suggests the release of energy as the reaction proceeds. Table B1 in appendix B shows the retrieved values of k, ko and E. The positive ko value was expected according to Equation 8.Since k valu es are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko must also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The standard errors of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the original value, suggests the data as imprecise. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in Figure 1, there is a notable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and 1 1 = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the variance in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each laboratory day. Another possible cause maybe that the contents of solutions may have reacted with the atmosphere introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k values all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 of Appendix B shows the plots of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The p lots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. Also the R2 values of the plots were all above 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear best fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear property of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the full data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving like a first order reaction. The first order reaction behavior is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treated as a consta nt. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. Conclusion and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15  ± 0. 3 and ? 36402  ± 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is concluded to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was concluded to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were above 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded that all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is needed to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. More trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large bulk solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be solved by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References [1] Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. â€Å"Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Standard Operating Procedures,† (2010) [2] Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Hydroxide as a General Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. [3] Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. à ¢â‚¬Å"Reaction Second Order,† Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. [4] Schmidt, Larry D. â€Å"The Engineering of Chemical Reactions,† 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 APPENDIX A: Experimental Set Up Figure A 1: Shows the theoretical setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2: Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B: Experimental Results and Data Table B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 (Trial 1) 16 (Trial 2) 18 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ( 1 ?1 ) ( ) Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 44  ± 0. 04 18. 33  ± 0. 03 20. 30  ± 0. 05 20. 30  ± 0. 5 22. 24  ± 0. 04 22. 25  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 15  ± 3 ? 36402  ± 8191 k-values ( 1 min? 1 ) 1. 674 ±0. 001 2. 023 ±0. 001 1. 921 ±0. 002 2. 241 ±0. 002 2. 247 ±0. 003 2. 244 ±0. 006 2. 169 ±0. 002 2. 572 ±0. 003 3. 140 ±0. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 4 6 Time (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 12 Figuer B 1 Plot of 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 +1)) 1. 25 y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 Linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 Plot of 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2. 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X Variable 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X Variable 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Vari able 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C: Sample Calculations Volume of 1M NaOH solution needed to prepare 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution: 0. 3 ? 0. 08 = 0. 024 = 24 Volume of ethyl acetate needed to prepare a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution: 1000 88. 105 3 0. 001 0. 10 ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96 0. 897 3 Finding E value: Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees: = ? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D: Error Analysis If the result (R) is calculated by the following equation: = ? where is the exponent of the independent variable, . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation: 2 2 = (? ( ) ) 1 (1) (2) where is taken from equation 5, is the standard error of each individual independent variable. Since the equation used is the following: ? ln (0. 8 ( ? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25 = , 3) where is the rate constant, is the initial conductivity, is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, is the conductivity at any time, and is the initial concentration of the NaOH s olution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with = 36. 662 is show as the follow: 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 was given the value of 0. 08 with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0339. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the best fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line making the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence level as: = 1. 96 ? , v? 2 ? 2 Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be: 20 = 1. 96 ? , v 1 (? )2 + 2 , (? 2 ? 2 ) (5) Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 . The standard error of estimate, , , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as: , =v ? ( ? )2 , ? 2 (6) where is the y value of the points, is the corresponding y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.

Consumer Behavior Analysis- Red Bull - 987 Words

ANALYSIS: In the year 1984, a traveling Austrian man chanced upon an energy drink being produced by an Asian man. The producer specifically belonged to the Thailand region and produced the drink to enhance the energy and concentration levels of blue collared workers. Fascinated by the utility of the product, Dietrich Mateschitz, transported the concept to the European countries and named the product Red Bull. Today, this drink can be easily recognized by its tag line: Red Bull gives you wings. Twenty Five years ago Red Bull and Mr. Dietrich initiated their attempt at becoming a renowned brand and have successfully achieved that aim on a universal scale by implementing a uniformed marketing strategy. I will briefly mention their†¦show more content†¦This intense working capacity is achieved by consuming this drink and having a longer concentration span. In India, achievement is all about association and power. If you know the right people, you can attain unimaginable levels of success. Thus people consume this drink not only to feel more energized but also to mingle with a crowd that they think can help them attain success. Collectivistic and Individualistic Society: India is a collectivistic country with emphasis on family values and loyalty. Risk and adventure are attributes that Indians seldom possess. Although, Red Bull has organized a Grand Prix in india, that is the only sporting event in the nation in which they have actively shown presence. In contrast, In Britain they conduct events like sky diving, mountain biking, bike racing along with the Grand Prix. The Individualistic culture of the United Kingdom is highly acceptable of these activities and recognizes the brand for it. Their purchases are highly motivated by this. On the contrary, to motivate purchases in India red Bull utilizes student ambassadors in college and also the method of handing out free samples which invariably pleases the crowd. 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