Capital Market Essay Example for Free

Capital Market Essay Concept, Security market, Primary Secondary markets-Functions Role, Functionaries of stock exchanges-Brokers, Sub- Brokers, Jobbers, Consultants ,Institutional Investors NRIs. Definition of Capital Market Capital market is the market from where long-term capital raised for industry, trade and commerce and long-term securities are transacted. It is a well-organised market for providing long-term capital whether in the form of securities or borrowings. Distinguish between Money Market and Capital Market. Two main components of financial market are — (1) capital market and (2) money market. Main aim of two markets is to supply money in industry, trade and commerce. The differences between the two markets are discussed here : 1. Definition: Capital market is the market from where long-term capital is collected for the purpose of industry, trade and commerce. Money market is the market from where short-term capital is collected for industry, trade and business. 2. Types of Capital: Capital market supplies long-term capital mainly. Money market supplies short term capital generally. 3. Use of Capital: Capital collected from capital market is used to purchase fixed asset and meet deficiency of current capital. Capital collected from money market is used to meet current capital only. 4. Impact: Capital market creates scope for investment in industry and business through indirect securities transaction. Money market creates scope for investment in agriculture, industry and commerce directly. For example — money market arranges cash credit system in agriculture. 5. Protection of Interests: Capital Market makes arrangement for investment to protect the investors’ interest. Money market makes arrangement of investment for their own interest with depositors’ money. 6. Ancillary Functions: The members of capital market do not usually perform ancillary functions on behalf of clients but they may render institutional services. The members of the money market performs different types of ancillary functions, such as purchase of shares and debentures, co llection of dividend, keeping of valuable articles in custody etc. on behalf of their clients. 7. Underwriting Functions: Underwriting of shares and debentures are one of the main functions of capital market. Underwriting of shares and debentures of companies are secondary functions of money market. 8. Constituents: The constituents of capital market are — insurance company, investment trust, underwriters, and government and private organisations. Money market is composed of Reserve Bank of India, commercial bank, cooperative society, indigenous bankers and investors. 9. Segments: Capital market may be divided into two segments viz. new issue market and secondary market. The important segments of money market are: Treasury bill market, commercial paper, call money market, certificates of deposit markets. 10. Regulation: Capital market in India is mainly regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Indian money market is regulated by The Reserve Bank of India. Describe the features of Indian Capital Market. The features of Indian capital market are discussed here : (1) Lack of Specialised Agencies: Industrial bank, underwriting agencies, share issue house — all these expert institutions are found in capital market of foreign countries. But such expert organisations are absent in capital market of India. (2) Capital Supply by Managing Agent: In India the custom of supplying capital by managing agent is not found in any other country of the world, though this custom has been abolished now. (3) Establishment of Capital Supplying Agency: A good number of financing institutions have been set up in India at the initiative of the government. All these institutions are more important than private financing institutions in the capital market of India. (4) Governmental Efforts: Investment trust and insurance companies which play important role in other countries do not play the same role in India. So, to stabilise capital market in India, UTI and LICI have been set up by government initiative. (5) Arrangement of Long-term Loan: Different investment institutions make arrangement of longterm loan for industry and commerce in the capital market of India. Help to National Growth: One of the main features of Indian capital market is that it helps national development. Collecting small savings of people, Indian capital market forms a monetary fund. This money is utilised for national development in many cases. Describe the functions of Indian Capital Market. The standard of development of a country can be realised from the functions of capital market. Development of any country depends on the formation of capital of that country. So, importance of the functions of capital market is immense for economic development of the country. Function of Indian capital Market is as follows: Help to Establishment and Expansion of Industry and Commerce: Fixed capital is required for establishment, expansion and continuity of industrial and commercial institutions, capital market supplies necessary money for these requirements. Arrangement of Long-term Loan : Long-term loan is required for establishment or expansion of business. Different investment institutions under this market make arrangement for providing long-term loan in industry and commerce. Help to Public Enterprise : Capital market also helps in transaction of securities of 7 public enterprises. Help to National Growth: Capital market forms a monetary fund from the collection of small savings of the people. This money is utilised for national development in many cases. Motivation to Savings : As capital market is an organised market for long-term investment, both corporate sector and investment sector have great confidence in it. This market encourages the people in savings by creating scope for investment in securities of different profiteering firms. Advisory Functions: investors cannot always choose profitable shares or securities. There are a large number of experienced brokers in capital market who assist the investors by rendering advice relating to investment. Mobility of Savings : Capital market keeps savings of the country mobile by creating scope for investment in profitable securities. Functions of Underwriter: Underwriting of shares and debentures are one of the main functions of capital market. Capital Formation : One of the main functions of capital market is capital formation. Small savings of people are deposited in capital market as investment and form a monetary fund. Long-term loan is provided to different business institutions from this monetary fund. Create Ready Market: Transactions of securities are regularly held in the capital market. Thus give the scope to the investors to collect money by selling securities in their need and to purchase securities in right time. Describe the constituent of Indian Capital Market. The constituents of capital market are — (a) investment trust, (b) insurance company, (c) securities market and (d) special financing institution. Let us describe them in details: Investment Trust These institutions are formed as Joint Stock Limited Company. These institutions collect capital by selling own shares and debentures and supply capital to the industrial concerns through the purchase of their shares and debentures. Remarkable Investment Trusts of our country are — The Tata Investment Trust (Pvt. Ltd.), The Investment Corporation of India Ltd., The New India Investment Corporation Company Ltd. [â™ ¦ Advantages of Investment Trust (1) Profitability : From small investors point of view investment of their small savings in investment trust is more profitable. (2) Less Risk : Investors are assured of safety to their investment in investment trust. (3) Capital Formation : Investment trust creates the habit of savings among common people. As a result capital is formed and that capital helps expand industry in the country. ⠝â€" Disadvantages of Investment Trust (1) Non-disclosure of Information : Investment trusts do not disclose all information regarding investment of investors. As a result investors remain in the dark about many factors of investment. (2) Personal Interest: Many times management of investment trusts invest the money of investors in small profitable institutions for personal interest. As a result interests of investors are dissatisfied.] Insurance Company Insurance companies collect much money as premium and invest this amount in long-term securities of different institutions. Of the insurance companies LICI has the most influence. ⠝â€" Advantages of Insurance Company (1) Stable Return : If any policyholder makes insurance for certain amount of premium under LICI, at the maturity of the policy, the policyholder gets back insured money along with bonus and interest. If the policyholder expires by any means, his nominee is provided with the fixed amount of money. (2) Encouragement to Savings and Investment: Insurance company encourages common people in small savings and teach him to invest his savings profitably. (3) Facility of Ploughing Back Profit: The profit available from invested money in the insurance company is re-invested. As a result amount of refundable profit goes on increasing every year. Securities Market The market where transactions of securities are held, is called securities market. Securities market is classified into two sectors — (1) new issue market and (2) share market. Both types of securities markets are significant for long-term investment. Special Financing Institutions Lack of capital is the main reason of under-development of trade and commerce in India. To dispel this deficiency many financing institutions have been set up at the initiative of the Central and State Government. Of these Industrial Finance Corporation of India and National Industrial Development Corporation are important. Indian capital market improved a lot with the help of these institutions. ⠝â€" Advantages of Special Financing Institutions (1) Granting Long-term Loan : These institutions grant long-term loan to different industries. (2) Underwriting: All these institutions act as underwriter in case of issue of new shares. (3) Foreign Capital: There are a good number of financing institutions like ICICI which help much to bring foreign capital. Besides — (a) provident fund institutions and (b) building institutions also helped a lot for the development of Indian capital market. What do you mean by Securities Market? Securities include shares, scrip, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate. Generally the market where the transaction of such securities is field or the institutions which help to sell or resell share or debenture are called securities market. Securities market is divided into two sectors — (a) new issues market or primary market and (b) share market or secondary market. Both types of securities market are important for long-term industrial investment. What is New Issues Market? Describe the features of such market. The primary market or New Issues Market is that part of the capital markets that deals with the issuance of new securities. Companies, governments or public sector institutions can obtain funding through the sale of a new stock or bond issue. This is typically done through a syndicate of securities dealers. The process of selling new issues to investors is called underwriting. In the case of a new stock issue, this sale is an initial public offering (IPO). Dealers earn a commission that is built into the price of the security offering, though it can be found in the prospectus. Primary markets create long term instruments through which corporate entities borrow from capital market. The features of New Issues Market are as follows: (1) New Issues Business: New issues market deals in new issues. Therefore, the securities which were not available before will be issued to the investors for the-first time and these will be sold from this market. (2) Supply of Additional Fund : As new issues are sold from new issues market or primary market, therefore, the issuing amount of securities supplies excess fund to institutions. So, this market is directly related with financial supply of issuing institutions. (3) No Centralised Control: New issues market is not under central control and administration for the fulfillment of its business. (4) No Institutional Structure: New issues market is not confined to a particular place. So, this market has no geographical existence. In a word, it can be said that new issues market has no institutional structure. (5) Help to Entrepreneurs : To help the entrepreneurs who wish to take up new venture or like to expand present venture is t he main function of this market. Describe the Functions of New Issues Market or Primary Market New issues market deals in new securities. Therefore, the securities which were not sold before and will be issued to the investors for the first time, are sold from this market. Important functions of this market are discussed here : (1) Help to Entrepreneurs : Main function of new issue market is to help the entrepreneurs who like to take up new venture or expand their present venture. (2) Supply of Excess Fund: As new issues market deals in new issues, money collected by issuing securities supplies excess fund to the institutions. (3) Help to Transfer of Savings : This market helps much to transfer the savings of the savers to the entrepreneurs. In a word, it helps utilise saved money in productive use or constructive function. (4) Function of Primary Enquiry : This market also performs the function of primary enquiry into the legal and financial sides of the new issues companies. (5) Advisory Functions: This market renders some service in the form of advice to the new issues companies. Remarkable among these advice are — (a) determination of types of investment, (b) price of new issues shares in the context of the share market situation,(c) determine the time of issue of new shares and importance, (d) procedure of issues, (e) sale’s technique etc. (6) Underwriters’ Functions : New issues market helps new companies very much through underwriters. Underwriters are one kind of brokers, who promise to sell off definite amount of securities. (7) Distribution Functions : Function of distribution depends on the method of transferring securities in the hands of the investors. This market performs this function very well with the help of skilled and expert brokers and sub-brokers. (8) Help to Development of Industry : New issues market is not confined to a particular place. It has no geographical existence. So, the entrepreneurs can take help of this market in any part of the country. Describe the procedures of Marketing of New Securities under New Issues Market. New issue market is known as primary market for issue of securities to raise fresh capital. Procedure of this marketing is discussed here : 1. Public Issue through Prospectus : It is the natural procedure for collection of money for public companies. The company appeals to people directly to purchase share and debenture through publicity. The prospectus makes people aware of future prospect of the company and the objectives of the use of collected money. Those who are willing to purchase share on the conditions advertised in the prospectus lodges application to the company to purchase shares in response to the appeal of the company. In this process wide publicity is possible along with sale of shares. 2. Sale through Brokers : Securities of the company may be sold through brokers. At present many experts, banks and insurance organisations function as brokers. Brokers get proper commission for this job. 3. Sale through Underwriters: Underwriters are a kind of broker who are bound up with underwriting contract with the company giving assurance of selling a definite portion of shares. Underwriters purchase the shares they fail to sell. They get commission in exchange of their job. Rates of commission may be different for different securities. Of course there must be proper guide line during this in the rules of the company. This system is considered to be the best means for sale of securities. 4. Sale through Investment Institutions/Private Placement: Under this method the issuing company generally engages the investment institutions as stock brokers to sell securities. Investment institutions generally buy total shares or debentures of the company at an agreed price. 5. Issue of Bonus and Right Shares : As per Companies Act any existing company can increase its capital by selling their new shares. But if such decision is taken, the rule is to dispose of the shares proportionately to the present shareholders. If present shareholders are unwilling to purchase or if a special resolution is taken by the shareholders that the shares be sold to the public first and if such proposal is approved by the Central Government, the shares may be sold to the public in this way. This method is called issue of bonus and right share. 6. Sale through Employees : Many companies sell securities to their employees and collect money. This system improves the relationship between industrialist and labours and grows eagerness and enthusiasm for work among the workers. Write a short note on Book Building An Initial Public Offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public in the primary market. This Initial Public Offering can be made through the fixed price method, book building method or a combination of both. Book Building is essentially a process used by companies raising capital through Public Offeringsboth Initial Public Offers (IPOs) or Follow-on Public Offers ( FPOs) to aid price and demand discovery. Usually, the issuer appoints a major investment bank to act as a major securities underwriter or bookrunner. It is a mechanism where, during the period for which the book for the offer is open, the bids are collected from investors at various prices, which are within the price band specified by the issuer. The process is directed towards both the institutional as well as the retail investors. The issue price is determined after the bid closure based on the demand generated in the process. The Process: †¢ The Issuer who is planning an offer nominates lead merchant banker(s) as book runners. †¢ The Issuer specifies the number of securities to be issued and the price band for the bids. †¢ The Issuer also appoints syndicate members with whom orders are to be placed by the investors. †¢ The syndicate members input the orders into an electronic book. This process is called bidding and is similar to open auction. †¢ The book normally remains open for a period of 5 days. †¢ Bids have to be entered within the specified price band. †¢ Bids can be revised by the bidders before the book closes. †¢ On the close of the book building period, the book runners evaluate the bids on the basis of the demand at various price levels. †¢ The book runners and the Issuer decide the final price at which the securities shall be issued. †¢ Generally, the number of shares are fixed, the issue size gets frozen based on the final price per share. †¢ Allocation of securities is made to the successful bidders. The rest get refund orders. Advantages of Book Building: 1. It reduces the duration between allotment and listing of shares. 2. It discovers the selling price of the shares. 3. There is very little scope of manipulating the price before listing. 4. This method is a reliable procedure for allotment.

Music Censorship Essay examples -- essays research papers

Synthesis paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism, hate, sex, drugs, and profanity are among many things people encounter in everyday life whether they want to or not. The one thing that people do have control over is what kind of music they listen to and to take that right away from anyone would be more offensive than having the president of the United States of America get oral sex in the oval office, one of the most honored places in the country. People get more worked up over the things in life that mean nothing, than worrying about crucial issues. Our society can tolerate watching parents smack their children in *Wal-Mart more than they can stand to hear a curse word, or a sexual comment in a song. Music is an expression of the artist and should be treated as that. Censoring music is like telling Michelangelo he could not put the penis on â€Å"David†. The truth is that censoring music is an action that goes against the constitution of the United States of America and although some content may offend people, prohibition of freedom of expression violates the rights of more than those offended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a democracy, there is absolutely no chance to please everyone but taking away their rights as citizens will upset even more of the population. Under the first amendment of the constitution it states that congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom...

Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide

Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Martin Novick Group 14, Chemical Engineering Laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 Summary The goal of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the project were the jacketed beaker batch reactor and the LabPro conductivity probe.The solution’s conductivity throughout the reaction was collected and plotted in a linearized plot against time to retrieve value for each trial. The rate law was assumed to be = , where and are the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) values were plotted against the inverse temperatures to ( linearize the Ar rhenius equation. The k o value and E value from the linearized Arrhenius plot were found to be 15  ± 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402  ± 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E value being negative suggests the reaction is exothermic. The large standard errors of the and values were probably caused by the low number of data points collected or the assumed rate law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Saponification is a chemical process heavily used in industry, especially in soap production.Knowing the effects of temperature on the reaction rate allows better control over the reaction process and find the optimizing point of production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes reactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum possible profit. 2 The saponif ication of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction given as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 > CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. [2] The rate was assumed to be second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant,[2] with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as:[4] dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH concentration, Cac is the concentration of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting concentration of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate throughout the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. Substituting the expressions for COH and Cac into Equation 1 results in: dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt Equation 2 is then separated and integrated shown as the following: ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result of equation 3 would become: ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate solution was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 times of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . After the substitution of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to: 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship between xo x (5) and conductivity of the solution was given as:[2] ? = , ? (6) where is the initial conductivity of NaOH before adding ethyl acetate, s the conductivity after the reaction has reached completion, and is the conductivity at any point of time during the reaction process. Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following: ? ln (0. 2 ? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since , and are constants, the only variable in the left hand side of Equation 7 being . Each point can be substituted into the left hand side of Equation 7 and plotted against time to retrieve a linear plot with the slope being the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, and activation energy, , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as: k = k o , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by taking the natural log of both sides: ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . RT 1 (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship between ln(k) and 4 the y-intercept being ln( ) and the slope being . Hence: k o = ey? intercept . = ? (10) (11) Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, mixing stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the limiting reactant. [1] NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its high conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more visible, and the termination of the reaction can be more easily observed. The each experimental trail was setup as shown in Figures A1 and A2 of Appendix A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the surface of the reacting solution. One data reading was retrieved per second. Before the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at desired temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 isothermal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was only a function of temperature; if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would also vary throughout the reaction. The reaction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For about the first half a minute, only the conductivity of NaOH in the r eactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily observed. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point after the major drop of conductivity due to the addition of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started after about half a minute after the start of the data collection by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a uniform temperature of the solution, to prevent any local k values being different from the overall k value. If there any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, there would be different local k values throughout the reactor. Data collection was terminated at least half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity, , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects were remove d by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 Figure 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln( ) . The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in Figure 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the data does not have a good linear fit. The lack of data points may have been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the same temperature mostly seem to have small variations, but overall has the predicted trend of decreasing in ln(k) value as ?1 increases. The plot has a negative overall trend with and hence retrieving a negative E value. The negative E value suggests the release of energy as the reaction proceeds. Table B1 in appendix B shows the retrieved values of k, ko and E. The positive ko value was expected according to Equation 8.Since k valu es are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko must also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The standard errors of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the original value, suggests the data as imprecise. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in Figure 1, there is a notable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and 1 1 = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the variance in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each laboratory day. Another possible cause maybe that the contents of solutions may have reacted with the atmosphere introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k values all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 of Appendix B shows the plots of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The p lots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. Also the R2 values of the plots were all above 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear best fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear property of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the full data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving like a first order reaction. The first order reaction behavior is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treated as a consta nt. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. Conclusion and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15  ± 0. 3 and ? 36402  ± 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is concluded to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was concluded to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were above 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded that all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is needed to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. More trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large bulk solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be solved by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References [1] Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. â€Å"Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Standard Operating Procedures,† (2010) [2] Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Hydroxide as a General Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. [3] Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. à ¢â‚¬Å"Reaction Second Order,† Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. [4] Schmidt, Larry D. â€Å"The Engineering of Chemical Reactions,† 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 APPENDIX A: Experimental Set Up Figure A 1: Shows the theoretical setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2: Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B: Experimental Results and Data Table B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 (Trial 1) 16 (Trial 2) 18 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ( 1 ?1 ) ( ) Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 44  ± 0. 04 18. 33  ± 0. 03 20. 30  ± 0. 05 20. 30  ± 0. 5 22. 24  ± 0. 04 22. 25  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 15  ± 3 ? 36402  ± 8191 k-values ( 1 min? 1 ) 1. 674 ±0. 001 2. 023 ±0. 001 1. 921 ±0. 002 2. 241 ±0. 002 2. 247 ±0. 003 2. 244 ±0. 006 2. 169 ±0. 002 2. 572 ±0. 003 3. 140 ±0. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 4 6 Time (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 12 Figuer B 1 Plot of 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 +1)) 1. 25 y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 Linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 Plot of 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2. 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X Variable 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X Variable 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Vari able 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C: Sample Calculations Volume of 1M NaOH solution needed to prepare 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution: 0. 3 ? 0. 08 = 0. 024 = 24 Volume of ethyl acetate needed to prepare a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution: 1000 88. 105 3 0. 001 0. 10 ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96 0. 897 3 Finding E value: Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees: = ? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D: Error Analysis If the result (R) is calculated by the following equation: = ? where is the exponent of the independent variable, . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation: 2 2 = (? ( ) ) 1 (1) (2) where is taken from equation 5, is the standard error of each individual independent variable. Since the equation used is the following: ? ln (0. 8 ( ? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25 = , 3) where is the rate constant, is the initial conductivity, is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, is the conductivity at any time, and is the initial concentration of the NaOH s olution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with = 36. 662 is show as the follow: 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 was given the value of 0. 08 with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0339. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the best fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line making the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence level as: = 1. 96 ? , v? 2 ? 2 Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be: 20 = 1. 96 ? , v 1 (? )2 + 2 , (? 2 ? 2 ) (5) Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 . The standard error of estimate, , , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as: , =v ? ( ? )2 , ? 2 (6) where is the y value of the points, is the corresponding y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.

Consumer Behavior Analysis- Red Bull - 987 Words

ANALYSIS: In the year 1984, a traveling Austrian man chanced upon an energy drink being produced by an Asian man. The producer specifically belonged to the Thailand region and produced the drink to enhance the energy and concentration levels of blue collared workers. Fascinated by the utility of the product, Dietrich Mateschitz, transported the concept to the European countries and named the product Red Bull. Today, this drink can be easily recognized by its tag line: Red Bull gives you wings. Twenty Five years ago Red Bull and Mr. Dietrich initiated their attempt at becoming a renowned brand and have successfully achieved that aim on a universal scale by implementing a uniformed marketing strategy. I will briefly mention their†¦show more content†¦This intense working capacity is achieved by consuming this drink and having a longer concentration span. In India, achievement is all about association and power. If you know the right people, you can attain unimaginable levels of success. Thus people consume this drink not only to feel more energized but also to mingle with a crowd that they think can help them attain success. Collectivistic and Individualistic Society: India is a collectivistic country with emphasis on family values and loyalty. Risk and adventure are attributes that Indians seldom possess. Although, Red Bull has organized a Grand Prix in india, that is the only sporting event in the nation in which they have actively shown presence. In contrast, In Britain they conduct events like sky diving, mountain biking, bike racing along with the Grand Prix. The Individualistic culture of the United Kingdom is highly acceptable of these activities and recognizes the brand for it. Their purchases are highly motivated by this. On the contrary, to motivate purchases in India red Bull utilizes student ambassadors in college and also the method of handing out free samples which invariably pleases the crowd. 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